Ashvamedha Parva

हिन्दी अर्थ

वेदी बनकर तैयार हुई तब वह दक्षप्रजापतिकी यज्ञवेदीके समान शोभा पाने लगी स रुकक्‍्मपक्षो निचितस्त्रिकोणो गरुडाकृति:

English

mind. Indeed, created by the mind itself, these should always be taken as having no real existence beyond the mind.

हिन्दी अर्थ

संस्थाप्यैवं तस्य राज्ञस्तं यज्ञ शक्रतेजस:

English

In the dharma-field of Kurukshetra, crowded with many knowers of dharma, there was long ago a brahmin gleaner, a pigeon-liver.

हिन्दी अर्थ

धरण्या निष्क्रयं दत्त्वा तद्धिरण्यं युधिछ्िर: ऋषच्विजस्तमपर्यन्तं सुवर्णनिचयं तथा

English

With his wife, son and daughter-in-law he stood in austerity, the fourth being the daughter-in-law; the old man was righteous and self-controlled.

हिन्दी अर्थ

प्रस्थापयामास वशी कुरुराजो युधिषिर:

English

At the sixth time the brahmin of good vows ate with them; sometimes at the sixth time there was no food for him, and the best of brahmins ate then at another time.

हिन्दी अर्थ

पक्षियोंको भयभीत कर दिया और फिर मनुष्यकी भाषामें कहा-- उज्छवृत्तेर्वदान्यस्य कुरुक्षेत्रनिवासिन:

English

When a terrible famine came, brahmins, that one who lived like a pigeon had no store; learn it: the herbs were spent and he became without goods.

हिन्दी अर्थ

यथा चार्थ शरीरस्य ममेदं काउ्चनीकृतम्

English

When time after time came and no food was found, all of them, seized by hunger, remained so.

हिन्दी अर्थ

प्रतिगृह्लीष्व भद्रें ते मया दत्ता द्विजर्षभ भक्षयामास राजेन्द्र न च तुष्टिं जगाम स:

English

Gleaning in the bright fortnight, with the sun burning at midday, tormented by heat and hunger, the brahmin in austerity found no gleanings with his household.

हिन्दी अर्थ

इत्येव सुकृतं मन्ये तस्मादेतत् करोम्यहम्

English

Seized by hunger likewise, having touched water by rule, the best of brahmins, barely alive, passed that time.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सक्तूनिमानतिथये गृहीत्वा सम्प्रयच्छ मे हिस्सेका यह सत्तू लेकर आप अतिथि देवताको अर्पित कीजिये

English

Then, when the sixth time passed, he obtained a prastha of barley, and those ascetics made it into barley-meal.

हिन्दी अर्थ

आकार वाली थी। वह त्रिकोणाकार बनायी गयी थी

English

really not merits, for these lead to pride. Ekacharyyam is ekantavasam, i.e., life in seclusion, or living without depending upon others. Anantaram is nirastasamastabheda or non-recognition of all distinctions. Some texts read Brahmamatah meaning 'existing among Brahmanas'. Ekapadam sukham is samastasukhagarbham, i.e., the source or fountain of all happiness.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तं तं देवं समुद्दिश्य पक्षिण: पशवश्च ये सर्वास्तानभ्ययुग्जंस्ते तत्राग्निचयकर्मणि

English

that this body is ceaselessly revolving, for Emancipation is difficult to achieve. Hence this body is, as it were, the wheel of Time. Nilakantha's explanation does not seem to be satisfactory.

हिन्दी अर्थ

गन्धर्वगणसंगीत: प्रनृत्तो5प्सरसां गणै:

English

Greeting that guest and asking after his welfare, those of pure mind, self-controlled, with faith and restraint,

हिन्दी अर्थ

मधुर संगीत और अप्सराओंके नृत्यसे उसकी शोभा और बढ़ गयी थी सिद्धविप्रनिवासैश्च समनन्‍्तादभिसंवृत:

English

free of envy, free of anger, good, free of malice, having given up pride, conquerors of anger, knowers of dharma, best of brahmins,

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वशास्त्रप्रणेतार: कुशला यज्ञसंस्तरे

English

having told one another their celibacy and clan, brought the guest, hungry, into the hut.

हिन्दी अर्थ

शास्त्रोंके प्रणेता और यज्ञकर्ममें कुशल थे विश्वावसुश्रित्रसेनस्तथान्ये गीतकोविदा:

English

"Here is guest-offering and foot-water, and this seat of grass, blameless one; and this pure barley-meal gained by observance, lord.

हिन्दी अर्थ

रमयन्ति सम तान् विप्रान् यज्ञकर्मान्तरेषु वै

English

Accept it, good fortune to you." The brahmin ate a kudava of barley-meal, O king of kings, and was not satisfied.

हिन्दी अर्थ

त॑ तुरडूं यथाशास्त्रमालभन्त द्विजातय: उपसंवेशयन् राजंस्ततस्तां ट्रपदात्मजाम्

English

The gleaner, seeing that brahmin seized by hunger, wondered how to give him food so that he would be satisfied.

हिन्दी अर्थ

त॑ वपाधूमगन्ध॑ तु धर्मराज: सहानुजै:

English

His wife said, O king, "Let my share be given; let this best of brahmins go, satisfied, as he wishes."

हिन्दी अर्थ

शिष्टान्यड्रानि यान्यासंस्तस्याश्च॒स्य नराधिप अग्निमें होम कर दिया

English

Hearing that good woman say so, the righteous best of brahmins, knowing her seized by hunger, did not welcome that barley-meal.

हिन्दी अर्थ

ततो युधिष्ठिर: प्रादाद् ब्राह्मणेभ्ये यथाविधि प्रतिगृह्य धरां राजन् व्यास: सत्यवतीसुत:

English

Knowing her old, hungry, weary and faint, an ascetic, skin and bones, trembling, he said to his wife:

हिन्दी अर्थ

युधिष्ठिसे कहा--

English

"Fair one, women are to be protected and nourished even among worms, insects and beasts; you should not speak so.

हिन्दी अर्थ

मुझे इसका मूल्य दे दो; क्योंकि ब्राह्मण धनके ही इच्छुक होते हैं (राज्यके नहीं)” युधिष्ठिरस्तु तान् विप्रान् प्रत्युवाच महामना:

English

A man cherished by a woman, nourished and protected, falls from blazing fame and does not gain the worlds."

हिन्दी अर्थ

नाहमादातुमिच्छामि ब्रह्म॒स्वं द्विजसत्तमा:

English

So told, she said, "Dharma and wealth are equal for us two, brahmin; take this fourth part of a prastha of barley-meal; be gracious to me.

हिन्दी अर्थ

इत्युक्तवति तस्मिंस्तु भ्रातरो द्रौपदी च सा ततोअन्तरिक्षे वागासीत् साधु साध्विति भारत

English

Truth, delight, dharma and heaven are won by the qualities, and for women they depend on the husband, best of brahmins; so is what is wished.

हिन्दी अर्थ

शब्द वहाँ स्पष्ट सुनायी दे रहा था

English

The mother's season, the father's seed, the husband the supreme god: by the husband's favour women gain delight and the fruit of sons.

हिन्दी अर्थ

द्वैपायनस्तथा कृष्ण: पुनरेव युधिषछ्िरम् दत्तैषा भवता महां तां ते प्रतिददाम्पहम्

English

By protecting me you are my husband, by supporting me my master, by giving me a son my boon-giver; therefore accept my barley-meal.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तुम इन ब्राह्मणोंको सुवर्ण दे दो और पृथ्वी तुम्हारे ही अधिकारमें रह जाय”

English

You are overtaken by old age, aged, hungry, very weak, wearied by fasting, as I am thin."

हिन्दी अर्थ

इत्युक्त: स कुरुश्रेष्ठ: प्रीतात्मा भ्रातृभि: सह उन्होंने यज्ञके लिये एक-एक करोड़की तिगुनी दक्षिणा दी

English

So told, he took the barley-meal and said these words: "Brahmin, accept again this barley-meal, good one."

हिन्दी अर्थ

प्रतिगृह तु तद् रत्नं कृष्णद्वैपायनो मुनि:

English

Taking it, the brahmin ate and was not satisfied; seeing him, the gleaner became anxious.

हिन्दी अर्थ

यज्ञवाटे च यत् किंचिद् हिरण्यं सविभूषणम्

English

[Son] "Take this barley-meal and give it to the brahmin, best one; I think that is well done, therefore I do this.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तथा विट्शूद्रसंघाश्व तथान्ये म्लेच्छजातय: जातिके लोग उठा ले गये

English

You are to be protected by me with all efforts, best of brahmins; this is what the good wish: the support of an aged father.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तर्पिता वसुना तेन धर्मराजेन धीमता

English

This is ordained as the purpose of a son: protection in old age; this tradition, brahmin sage, is famed in the three worlds.

हिन्दी अर्थ

उन सबको उस धनके द्वारा पूर्णतः तृप्त कर दिया था प्रददौ तस्य महतो हिरण्यस्य महाद्युति:

English

You can practise austerity simply by sustaining life; for life is the highest dharma standing in the bodies of the embodied."

हिन्दी अर्थ

था, उसे उन्होंने बड़े आदरके साथ कुन्तीको भेंट कर दिया

English

[Father] "Even if you reach a thousand years you are still a child to me; having begotten a son, a father is fulfilled.

हिन्दी अर्थ

चकार पुण्यकं तेन सुमहत् संघश: पृथा सभाज्यमान: शुशुभे महेन्द्रस्त्रिदशैरिव

English

Hunger is strong in children, I know this, lord; I, old, shall bear it; be strong, my son.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अशोभन्त महाराज ग्रहास्तारागणैरिव

English

Hunger does not trouble me with my worn age, son; long austerity has been practised and I have no fear of death."

हिन्दी अर्थ

मानो तारोंसे घिरे हुए ग्रह सुशोभित हों गजानश्चानलंकारान् स्त्रियो वासांसि काउ्चनम्

English

[Son] "I am your offspring, a son; the word son is famed from protecting; the self is held to be the son; therefore protect yourself here by yourself."

हिन्दी अर्थ

विसृजन् शुशुभे राजन् यथा वैश्रवणस्तथा

English

[Father] "You are like me in form, conduct and self-control, and have been tested in many ways; so I take your barley-meal."

हिन्दी अर्थ

प्रदाय विपुलं वित्त गृहान् प्रास्थापयत् तदा स्वराज्ये5थ पितुर्धीमान् स्वसु: प्रीत्या न्यवेशयत्

English

Having said this, the best of the twice-born, pleased in soul, took that barley-meal and, as if laughing, gave it to the brahmin.

हिन्दी अर्थ

विशेष सत्कार करके उन्हें विदा कर दिया बद्धन्नधनरत्नौघ: सुरामैरेयसागर:

English

Having eaten that barley-meal too, he was still not satisfied, and the best of brahmins, the gleaner, was ashamed.

हिन्दी अर्थ

रसालाकर्दमा नद्यो बभूवुर्भरतर्षभ

English

Then the good daughter-in-law, standing there, wishing to please the brahmin, took the barley-meal and said to her father-in-law, glad:

हिन्दी अर्थ

पशूनां बध्यतां चैव नान्‍्तं ददृशिरे जना: मृदजड़्शड्खनाहैश्व मनोरमम भूत् तदा

English

"Brahmin, my offspring will come from your offspring; take this barley-meal and give it to the guest for me.

हिन्दी अर्थ

यज्ञशालाकी मनोरमता और भी बढ़ गयी थी

English

By the continuation of your line the imperishable worlds are mine; by the grandson one gains them, going where one does not grieve.

हिन्दी अर्थ

त॑ महोत्सवसंकाशं हृष्टपुष्टजनाकुलम् विपाप्मा भरतश्रेष्ठ: कृतार्थ: प्राविशत् पुरम्

English

As dharma and its like are a triad, and the fire a triad, so likewise the triad of sons and grandsons in heaven is imperishable.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अपने नगरमें प्रवेश किया

English

We have heard that a son saves the ancestors by protecting, and with sons and grandsons one surely gains good worlds."

हिन्दी अर्थ

यदाश्चर्यमभूत् किंचित् तद् भवान् वक्तुमहति कोई आश्चर्यजनक घटना हुई हो तो आप उसे बतानेकी कृपा करें

English

[Father-in-law] "Seeing you, of good vows and conduct, with limbs withered by wind and sun, discoloured, thin, and your mind troubled by hunger,

हिन्दी अर्थ

अश्वमेधे महायज्ञे निवृत्ते यदभूत् प्रभो

English

how shall I take barley-meal, becoming a destroyer of dharma? Fortunate one of fair conduct, you should not speak so.

हिन्दी अर्थ

पतत्सु पुष्पवर्षेषु धर्मराजस्य मूर्थनि वज्राशनिसमं नादममुज्चद् वसुधाधिप

English

How shall I see you, who keep a vow at the sixth time, endowed with conduct and purity, in hard livelihood and without food?

हिन्दी अर्थ

मानुषं वचन प्राह धृष्टो बिलशयो महान्

English

You are young, hungry and a woman, and are always to be protected by me; wearied by fasting, you are the delight of kinsmen."

हिन्दी अर्थ

सत्तू दान करनेके बराबर भी नहीं हुआ है”

English

[Daughter-in-law] "You are my teacher's teacher, for you are the god of gods, the god above gods; therefore, lord, take my barley-meal.

हिन्दी अर्थ

विस्मयं परमं जम्मु: सर्वे ते ब्राह्मणर्षभा: कथं भवन्तं विद्याम यो नो यज्ञ विगर्हसे

English

Body, life and dharma exist for service to the teacher; by your grace, brahmin, I shall gain the worlds I desire.

हिन्दी अर्थ

यथागमं यथान्यायं कर्तव्यं च तथा कृतम्

English

You should take the barley-meal either thinking 'she is to be looked after', or from firm devotion, or 'she is to be cared for by me'."

हिन्दी अर्थ

यथोचित पालन किया गया है मन्त्राहुतिहुतश्वान्निर्दत्त देयममत्सरम्

English

[Father-in-law] "By this constant good conduct you shine, good one, you who, endowed with the vow of dharma, regard service to your elder.

हिन्दी अर्थ

क्षत्रियाश्व सुयुद्धेन श्राद्धैश्नापि पितामहा:

English

So I shall take the barley-meal; you do not deserve deception; reckoning it, fortunate one, you are best of those who uphold dharma."

हिन्दी अर्थ

अनुक्रोशैस्तथा शूद्रा दानशेषै: पृथग्जना: यथाश्रुतं यथादृष्ट॑ पृष्टो ब्राह्मणकाम्पया

English

Having said this, he took the barley-meal and gave it to the brahmin, and the brahmin was satisfied with that good great soul.

हिन्दी अर्थ

समागततश्न विप्रैस्त्वं तद् भवान् वक्तुमहति

English

Pleased in soul, Dharma in human form, eloquent, said to the best of brahmins these words:

हिन्दी अर्थ

नैषा मृषा मया वाणी प्रोक्ता दर्पेण वा द्विजा: मिथ्या अथवा घमंडमें आकर कोई बात नहीं कही है

English

"I am pleased, best of brahmins, with your pure gift, justly gained and given with effort as you were able.

हिन्दी अर्थ

किये हुए सेरभर सत्तूदानके बराबर भी नहीं है” इसे आपने ठीक-ठीक सुना है

English

Ah, your gift is proclaimed in heaven by those who dwell in heaven; look at the shower of flowers fallen from the sky to the earth.

हिन्दी अर्थ

शृणुताव्यग्रमनस: शंसतो मे यथातथम् उज्छवृत्तेरवदान्यस्य कुरुक्षेत्रनिवासिन:

English

Divine sages, gods, gandharvas and the gods' leaders stand praising, and the gods' messengers, amazed by your gift.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सुवर्णमय कर दिया, वह प्रसंग बता रहा हूँ! न्यायलब्धस्य सूक्ष्मस्य विप्रदत्तस्य यद् द्विजा:

English

Brahmin sages in cars, and those gone to Brahma's world, long to see you; go to heaven, best of brahmins.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अन्नका दाना चुनकर लाते और उसीसे कुटुम्बका पालन करते थे

English

All the ancestors gone to the world of the ancestors have been saved by you, and many yet to come, for many yugas.

हिन्दी अर्थ

बभूव शुक्‍्लवृत्त: स धर्मात्मा नियतेन्द्रिय: षष्ठे काले कदाचित् तु तस्याहारो न विद्यते

English

By celibacy, sacrifice, gift and austerity, and by dharma without deceit, go therefore to heaven, brahmin.

हिन्दी अर्थ

क्षुधापरिगता: सर्वे प्रातिष्ठन्त तदा तु ते

English

Because you practise austerity with supreme faith, of good vows, the gods are pleased with you, best of brahmins.

हिन्दी अर्थ

लोग उज्छ लानेके लिये चले उष्णार्तश्न क्षुधार्तश्न॒ विप्रस्तपसि संस्थित:

English

Because you gave up all this with a pure mind in a time of hardship, heaven has been won by your deed.

हिन्दी अर्थ

स तथैव क्षुधाविष्ट: सार्ध परिजनेन ह

English

Hunger destroys wisdom and removes right understanding; one whose knowledge is seized by hunger gives up steadfastness.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अथ षड७्े गते काले यवप्रस्थमुपार्जयन् कृतजप्याद्विकास्ते तु हुत्वा चाग्निंयथाविधि

English

One who conquers hunger surely conquers heaven; when there is delight in giving, dharma does not decline.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अथागच्छद् द्विज: कश्चिदतिथिभर्भुज्जतां तदा

English

Not regarding love for son and love for wife, knowing dharma as the teacher, you did not count thirst.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अनसूयवो विक्रोधा: साधवो वीतमत्सरा: स ब्रह्म॒चर्य गोत्र ते तस्य ख्यात्वा परस्परम्

English

The gaining of goods by men is subtle, giving to a worthy one is higher than that, time is higher than giving, and faith higher than that.

हिन्दी अर्थ

इदमर्घ्य च पाद्यं च बूसी चेयं तवानघ

English

The door of heaven is very subtle and not seen by men through delusion; it is barred by greed, its seed is greed, guarded by passion, hard to approach.

हिन्दी अर्थ

उतनेसे वह तृप्त नहीं हुआ

English

Men who have conquered anger and the senses see it: brahmins joined with austerity, who give as they are able.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तब वे उसके लिये आहारका चिन्तन करने लगे कि यह ब्राह्मण कैसे संतुष्ट हो? क्षुधापरिगतां ज्ञात्वा तान् सक्तून् नाभ्यनन्दत

English

One who can give a thousand, a hundred, or a hundred who gives ten, or even who gives water as he can, are all held to have equal fruit.

हिन्दी अर्थ

दिये हुए सत्तूको लेनेकी इच्छा नहीं की

English

King Rantideva, owning nothing, gave water with a pure mind, brahmin, and so went to the back of heaven.

हिन्दी अर्थ

जानन वृद्धां क्षुधार्ता च श्रान्तां ग्लानां तपस्विनीम् अपि कीटपतड़ानां मृगाणां चैव शोभने

English

Dharma is not pleased, dear one, by great gifts of great fruit, as it is by subtle gifts justly won and purified by faith.

हिन्दी अर्थ

कर्तव्य है; अतः तुम्हें ऐसी बात नहीं कहनी चाहिए

English

King Nriga gave thousands of cows to brahmins, but giving one that belonged to another, he went to hell.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अनुकम्प्यो नर: पत्न्या पुष्टो रक्षित एव च धर्मकामार्थकार्याणि शुश्रूषा कुलसंतति:

English

By giving his own flesh, King Shibi Aushinara, of good vows, reached the worlds of the righteous and rejoices in heaven.

हिन्दी अर्थ

नवेत्ति कर्मतो भायरिक्षणे यो5क्षम: पुमान्

English

Merit of men does not lie in wealth; it is won by the good through their own strength, not by various sacrifices justly gathered, brahmin.

हिन्दी अर्थ

इत्युक्ता सा ततः प्राह धर्मार्थों नौ समौ द्विज सत्यं रतिश्न धर्मश्न स्वर्गश्न॒ गुणनिर्जित:

English

Anger destroys the fruit of giving, greed prevents going to heaven; one of just livelihood who knows giving gains heaven by austerity.

हिन्दी अर्थ

ऋतुर्मातुः पितुर्बीजं हैवतं परमं पति:

English

Not by many Rajasuyas performed with great fees, nor by many Ashvamedhas, is this equal fruit gained by you.

हिन्दी अर्थ

पालनाद्धि पतिस्त्वं मे भर्तासि भरणाच्च मे इत्युक्त: स तया सक्तून् प्रगृहोदं वचो5ब्रवीत्

English

By a prastha of barley-meal you have won Brahma's world, blameless one; go, brahmin, to Brahma's stainless abode as you wish.

हिन्दी अर्थ

ब्राह्मणको दे दीजिये। मैं इसीमें पुण्य मानता हूँ, इसलिये ऐसा कर रहा हूँ साधूनां काड्क्षितं यस्मात् पितुर्वद्धस्य पालनम्

English

A divine car has come for all of you, best of brahmins; mount as you wish. I am Dharma, brahmin; look at me.

हिन्दी अर्थ

श्रुतिरेषा हि विप्रषें त्रिषु लोकेषु शाश्वती

English

Your body has been purified by you, and your fame is firm in the world; go to heaven with your wife, son and daughter-in-law."

हिन्दी अर्थ

यह सनातन श्रुति प्रसिद्ध है प्राणो हि परमो धर्म: स्थितो देहेषु देहिनाम्

English

Thus addressed by Dharma, the brahmin, mounting the car, went to heaven with his wife, son and daughter-in-law.

हिन्दी अर्थ

उत्पाद्य पुत्र हि पिता कृतकृत्यो भवेत् सुतात्

English

When that brahmin had gone to heaven with son and daughter-in-law, and the wife, the fourth, the knower of dharma, then I came out of my hole.

हिन्दी अर्थ

पिता पुत्रको जन्म देकर ही उससे अपनेको कृतकृत्य मानता है वृद्धो5हं धारयिष्यामि त्वं बली भव पुत्रक

English

Then, by the smell of barley-meal, the wetness of water, the trampling of divine flowers, and the bits of that good man's gifts, my head was turned to gold by that brahmin's austerity.

हिन्दी अर्थ

दीर्घकालं तपस्तप्तं न मे मरणतो भयम्

English

By his truthful resolve and subtle gift, brahmins, half my body was made golden; see this great thing by the wise man's austerity.

हिन्दी अर्थ

मैं दीर्घकालतक तपस्या कर चुका हूँ; इसलिये अब मुझे मरनेका भय नहीं है आत्मभूत पुत्रके द्वारा अपनी रक्षा कीजिये

English

"How may my other side become so?" I wonder, brahmins; I go glad again and again to ascetic forests and sacrifices.

हिन्दी अर्थ

परीक्षितश्न बहुधा सक्तूनादझि ते सुत

English

But hearing of this sacrifice of the wise Kuru king, I came with great hope, and I was not made golden.

हिन्दी अर्थ

उज्छवृत्तिस्तु धर्मात्मा व्रीडामनुजगाम ह सक्तूनादाय संदहृष्टा श्वशुरं वाक्यमब्रवीत्

English

Then I said those words, laughing, best of brahmins: "This sacrifice is not equal to the prastha of barley-meal in any way."

हिन्दी अर्थ

जा बड़ी प्रसन्नताके साथ अपने उन श्वशुरदेवसे बोली--

English

For by the grains of that prastha of barley-meal I was turned golden; this great sacrifice is not, to my mind, like those."

हिन्दी अर्थ

पुत्रेण तानवाप्रोति यत्र गत्वा न शोचति

English

[Vaishampayana] Having said this to all the best of brahmins at the sacrifice, the mongoose disappeared, O king, and the brahmins went home.

हिन्दी अर्थ

कर्षितों सुव्रताचारे क्षुधाविद्वलचेतसम् कल्याणवृत्ते कल्याणि नैवं त्वं वक्तुमहसि

English

All this has been told to you by me, scourge of enemy cities, the marvel that occurred at that great horse sacrifice.

हिन्दी अर्थ

निराहार कैसे देख सकूँगा

English

You should not be amazed at the sacrifice, king, in any way; thousands of crores of sages have gone to heaven by austerities.

हिन्दी अर्थ

चिन्त्या ममेयमिति वा सक्तूनादातुमहसि या त्वं धर्मव्रतोपेता गुरुवृत्तिमवेक्षसे

English

Non-malice toward all beings, contentment, conduct, uprightness, austerity, self-control, truth and giving are held equal.