Anushasana Parva

हिन्दी अर्थ

करते हैं वे भी संकटसे पार हो जाते हैं--ऐसा कहकर नारदजी चुप हो गये

English

water became whitened and my mother placed it before us saying that it was milk and bade us drink it. I had before that drunk milk on one occasion, for my father had, at the time of a sacrifice, taken me to the residence of some of our great kinsmen. A celestial cow, who delights the deities, was being milked on that occasion. Drinking her milk that resembled Amrita in taste, I knew what the virtues are of milk. I therefore, at once understood the origin of the substance that my mother offered me, telling me that it was milk. Verily, the taste of that cake, O son, did not afford me any pleasure whatever. Impelled by childishness I then addressed mother, saying,— This O mother, that thou hast given me is not any preparation of milk.— Filled with grief and sorrow at this, and embracing me from parental affection and smelling my head, O Madhava, she said unto me,— Whence, O child, can ascetics of cleansed souls obtain food prepared with milk? Such men always reside in the forest and subsist upon bulbs and roots and fruits. Whence shall we who live by the banks of rivers that are the resort of the Valikhilyas, we who have mountains and forest, for our home,— whence, indeed, O child, shall we obtain milk? We, dear child, live (sometimes) on air and sometimes on water. We dwell in asylums in the midst of forests and woods. We habitually abstain from all kinds of food that are taken by persons living in villages and towns. We are accustomed to only such food as is supplied by the produce of the wilderness. There cannot be any milk, O child, in the wilderness

हिन्दी अर्थ

पकड़नेका साहस नहीं कर सकता

English

[Yudhishthira said:] For those born by mixture of classes by this rule, what dharma and what deeds are theirs? Tell me, grandfather.

हिन्दी अर्थ

यदि त्वमिह धर्मार्थी मामपि द्रष्टमहसि

English

[Bhishma said:] The Prajapati created the deeds of the four classes and the fourfold order alone first, for sacrifice.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अन्त:पुरे ततस्तस्य स्त्रियो रत्नविभूषिता:

English

Of four wives of a brahmana, his self is born of two; those of two lower, in order, are born of their mother's class.

हिन्दी अर्थ

उनके बीचमें भगवान् ब्रह्माजीके समान शोभा पाने लगे

English

The son of a shudra woman is a better kind of dog to a brahmana; they call him Parashava; he should be the servant of his own family and never leave his own conduct.

हिन्दी अर्थ

स वैदूर्यमणिस्तम्भं विमानं समधिषछित:

English

Having considered all means, he should uphold the thread of his own family; whether eldest or youngest, a son of a twice-born should be obedient and given to giving.

हिन्दी अर्थ

और मणियोंकी बन्दनवारें लगी थीं और वैदूर्यमणिके खम्भे शोभा पा रहे थे

English

Of three wives of kshatriya rank, his self is born of two; in the third, of lower class, a shudra, called Ugra, is remembered.

हिन्दी अर्थ

दयावान् सर्वभूतेषु परत्र सुखमेधते

English

Of a vaishya's two wives, his self is born of two; a shudra woman and one for a shudra produces a shudra only.

हिन्दी अर्थ

किंन प्राप्तं भवेत् तेन स्वव्याजेनेह कर्मणा

English

From this, one better but worse, who violates the teacher's wife, begets an outcaste class, reviled in the fourfold order.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सम्यक् पूजयसे नित्यं गतिमिष्टामवाप्स्यसि

English

where there are no offspring of Surabhi. l Dwelling on the banks of rivers or in caves or on mountain- breasts, or in tirthas and other places of the kind, we pass our time in the practice of penances and the recitation of sacred Mantras, Siva being our highest refuge. Without gratifying the boon-giving Sthanu of unfading glory,— him, that is, who has three eyes,— whence, O child, can one obtain food prepared with milk and good robes and other objects of enjoyment in the world? Do thou devote thyself, O dear son, to Sankara with thy whole soul. Through his grace, O child, thou art sure to obtain all such objects as administer to the indulgence of all thy wishes,— Hearing these words of my mother, O slayer of foes, that day, I joined my hands in reverence and bowing unto her, said,— O mother, who this Mahadeva? In what manner can one gratify him? Where does that god reside? How may he be seen? With what does he become pleased? What also is the form of Sarva? How may one succeed in obtaining a knowledge of him? If gratified, will he, O mother, show himself unto me?— After I had said these words, O Krishna, to my mother, she, filled with parental affection, smelt my head, O Govinda, her eyes covered with tears the while. Gently patting my body, O slayer of Madhu, my mother, adopting a tone of great humility, addressed me in the following words, O best of the deities.'

हिन्दी अर्थ

भरतसत्तम! मैं आपसे ही धर्मविषयक उपदेश सुनना चाहता हूँ

English

"My mother said, 'Mahadeva is exceedingly difficult to be known by persons of uncleansed souls. These men are incapable of bearing him in their hearts of comprehending him at all. They can retain him in their minds. They cannot seize him, nor can they obtain a sight of him. Men of wisdom aver that his forms are many. Many, again, are the places in which he resides. Many are the forms of his Grace. Who is there that can understand in their details the acts, which are all excellent, of Isa, or of all the forms that he has assumed in days of yore? Who can relate how Sarva sports and how he becomes gratified? Maheswara of universal form resides in the hearts of all creatures. While Munis discoursed on the auspicious and excellent acts of Isana, I have heard from them how, impelled by compassion towards his worshippers, he grants them a sight of his person. For the purpose of showing a favour unto the

हिन्दी अर्थ

वास्तवमें क्या फल मिलता है?

English

A bandi is born from a vaishya, a Magadha living by speech; from a shudra, a Nishada, fish-killer, by the transgression with a kshatriya woman.

हिन्दी अर्थ

इतिहासं पुरावृत्तं शरणार्थ महाफलम्

English

From a shudra by a vaishya woman is born an Ayogava, of village dharma; he cannot be received by brahmanas, a carpenter, living in the forest.

हिन्दी अर्थ

जो महान् फल प्राप्त होता है, उसके विषयमें तुम यह एक प्राचीन इतिहास सुनो

English

These too beget their own class in their own wombs; in their mother's class are born the best of the lowest wombs.

हिन्दी अर्थ

वृषदर्भ महाभागं नरेन्द्र शरणं गत:

English

As in the four classes his self is born of two, so those born in immediate succession are chiefly outcastes.

हिन्दी अर्थ

बाजके डरसे भागकर महाभाग राजा वृषदर्भ (उशीनर)-की शरणमें गया

English

These too beget their own class in their own wombs; living with one another they produce the despised.

हिन्दी अर्थ

येन त्वमिह सम्प्राप्तो विसंज्ञो भ्रान्तचेतन:

English

As a shudra with a brahmin woman begets an outcaste creature, so an outcaste from one more outcaste beget from the fourfold order.

हिन्दी अर्थ

है? जिससे तेरी चेतना भ्रान्त-सी हो रही है तथा तू यहाँ बेसुध-सा होकर आया है

English

Living in reverse order, from the outcaste a more outcaste again; the lower are born from the lower; those classes are only fifteen.

हिन्दी अर्थ

मनसा ग्रहणं कर्तु रक्षाध्यक्षपुरस्कृतम्

English

By going to the unapproachable, mixture of classes occurs; among the Vratyas Sairandhras are born, and among the Magadhas one who knows adornment and service, not a slave, living as a slave.

हिन्दी अर्थ

निश्चिन्त हो जा। अब तूझे कोई भय नहीं है'

English

From him an Ayogava begets a hunter living in the forest, and a Vaidehaka begets a Maireyaka and a Madhuka.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अकिक्रान्तं च प्राप्तं च प्रयत्नाच्वोपपादितम्

English

A Nishada begets a Mudgara, and a Dasha who lives by boats; a Chandala begets a Mritapa and the very despised Shvapaka.

हिन्दी अर्थ

अब यह मुझे मिल गया है। इसे मैंने बड़े प्रयत्नसे प्राप्त किया है

English

A Magadhi begets four fierce ones living by deceit: a cook who makes meat tasty, called Saugandha.

हिन्दी अर्थ

मुज्चैनं न हि शक्ष्यामि राजन् मन्दयितु क्षुधाम्

English

From a Vaidehaka a most sinful, cruel one living by his wife; from a Nishada a Madranabha who travels by donkey-cart.

हिन्दी अर्थ

राजन! उसे छोड़ दीजिये। मैं अपनी भूखको दबा नहीं सकूँगा

English

From a Chandala a Pulkasa, eating donkey, horse and elephant, wearing the clothes of the dead, eating from broken vessels.

हिन्दी अर्थ

किंचिदुच्छवासनि:श्चवासं न राजन् गोप्तुमहसि

English

Those three are born of Ayogava women of lower class: from a Vaidehaka a low one, Andhra, living outside the village.

हिन्दी अर्थ

खेचरस्य तृषार्तस्य न त्वं प्रभुरथोत्तम

English

A Karavara is born of a Nishadi; from a leatherworker; and from a Chandala a Pandusopaka dealing in skins.

हिन्दी अर्थ

गये हैं। भूख-प्याससे पीड़ित हुए पक्षीके आप स्वामी नहीं हैं

English

An Ahindika is born of a Nishada by a Vaidehi woman; by a Chandala a Sopaka living like a Mudgara.

हिन्दी अर्थ

विषयेष्विन्द्रियाणां च आकाशे मा पराक्रम

English

A Nishadi by a Chandala has a son, an Antavasayin; a Suta moving in cremation grounds, outcast even by outcastes.

हिन्दी अर्थ

रहनेवालोंपर अपने बलका प्रयोग न कीजिये

English

Thus these castes in mixture, from transgression of father and mother, hidden or manifest, are to be known by their own deeds.

हिन्दी अर्थ

कबूतरकी रक्षा करते हों तो मुझ भूखे पक्षीपर भी आपको दृष्टि डालनी चाहिए

English

The dharma is of the four classes alone; there is none for another; among those devoid of dharma no one here has a name.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सम्भाव्य चैनं तद्वाक्यं तदर्थी प्रत्यमभाषत

English

By those who came by chance, excluded from sacrifice, outcastes are born of outcastes according to livelihood and refuge.

हिन्दी अर्थ

निमित्त बैल, भैंसा, सूअर अथवा मृग प्रस्तुत कर दिया जाय

English

They use crossroads, cremation grounds, mountains, other trees, ornaments and implements.

हिन्दी अर्थ

न मुज्चति ममाड्नि द्विजोयं पश्य वै द्विज

English

They give help for cows and brahmanas, without doubt; non-cruelty, compassion, truthful speech, and forgiveness,

हिन्दी अर्थ

भयके मारे मेरे अंगोंको छोड़ नहीं रहा है

English

and protection with their own bodies bring success to outcastes; there, tiger among men, I have no doubt.

हिन्दी अर्थ

भक्षयामि महाराज किमन्याद्येन तेन मे

English

A wise man should beget in the classes as told by instruction, for a son of low womb would sink him as a stone sinks one wishing to cross water.

हिन्दी अर्थ

पक्षियोंका मांस खाऊँगा। जो दूसरोंका भोजन है उसे लेकर मैं क्या करूँगा

English

Women lead astray in the world the ignorant or even the learned, who follow desire and anger.

हिन्दी अर्थ

श्येना: कपोतान् खादन्ति स्थितिरेषा सनातनी

English

The nature of women is a fault of men here; therefore the wise do not become attached to women.

हिन्दी अर्थ

ततस्त्वं मे प्रयच्छाद्य स्वमांसं तुलया धृतम्

English

[Yudhishthira said:] A man outside the classes, unknown, born of a stained womb, like a noble, how can we know him, king?

हिन्दी अर्थ

बाढमेव करिष्यामीत्युक्त्वासौ राजसत्तम:

English

[Bhishma said:] One born of a stained womb, joined with various conduct, by deeds practised by the good, the purity of his womb is to be known.

हिन्दी अर्थ

करती हुई बाहर निकल आयीं

English

Ignobleness, bad conduct, cruelty and inactivity reveal here in the world a man born of a stained womb.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तासां रुदितशब्देन मन्त्रिभृत्यजनस्य च

English

He takes either his father's conduct or his mother's or both; a mixed man never restrains his own nature.

हिन्दी अर्थ

गर्जनाके समान वहाँ बड़ा भारी कोलाहल मच गया

English

As a tiger similar in form to his mother and father is born spotted, so a man restrains his own womb.

हिन्दी अर्थ

निरुद्धं गगन सर्व शुभ्र॑ मेघै: समन्‍तत:

English

When the stream of the family is covered, he whose womb is mixed takes up that conduct, little or much.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सराजा पार्श्वतश्चैव बाहुभ्यामूरुतश्च॒ यत्

English

One who moves on an artificial path with noble form and conduct is ruled in his resolve by his own nature, whether of his own class or another.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तथापि न समस्तेन कपोतेन बभूव ह

English

Among beings of various conduct and various occupations in the world, birth equal to conduct is well joined and does not turn away.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तुलां ततः: समारूढ: स्व॑ मांसक्षयमुत्सूजन्

English

Here a man's body is drawn by sattva; sattva is eldest, middle and youngest; one delights in equal sattva.

हिन्दी अर्थ

कुछ देवता आकाशगमें ही खड़े होकर दुन्दुभियाँ बजाने लगे

English

One should not honour even a more senior man if devoid of conduct; but one should honour even a shudra of good conduct who knows dharma.

हिन्दी अर्थ

दिव्यैश्व सुसुखैर्माल्यैरभिवृष्ट: पुन: पुन:

English

A man declares himself by his deeds, good and bad, made by his own conduct and character; and a man makes even his lost family bright again by his deeds.

हिन्दी अर्थ

नृत्तश्नैवोपगीतश्च पितामह इव प्रभु:

English

Among all these wombs and the other mixed ones, a wise man should avoid those in which he would not beget himself.

हिन्दी अर्थ

काशीनामीश्वर: ख्यातस्त्रिषु लोकेषु कर्मणा

English

Brahmanas, the denizens of heaven have recited for their information the diverse forms that were assumed by Mahadeva in days of yore. Thou hast asked me about these. I shall recite them to thee, O

हिन्दी अर्थ

निःशेषं कुपिता: कुर्युरुग्रा: सत्यपराक्रमा:

English

[Yudhishthira said:] Many disputes are heard about sons; for us who are bewildered you ought to cut the doubt, king.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सत्पुरुष ब्राह्मणोंका सदा ही गुण गाना चाहिए

English

[Bhishma said:] The son of oneself is to be known, and the one born immediately after, the appointed-born, the one born of a sister's line,

हिन्दी अर्थ

पुराप्येते महाभागा ब्राह्मणा वै जनाधिप

English

the son of a fallen man's wife united with the husband, two given and made, and another, one of the taken-up.

हिन्दी अर्थ

राक्षसोंके पूजनीय हैं

English

The six born of degradation and the born of a lower class, and the born of an unmarried girl: these have been told; know them, Bharata.

हिन्दी अर्थ

नासुरैर्न पिशाचैश्न शक्‍या जेतुं द्विजातय:

English

[Yudhishthira said:] Who are the six born of degradation, and who are the lower-born? You ought to explain all this truly.

हिन्दी अर्थ

ही जीते जा सकते हैं

English

[Bhishma said:] The sons born to a brahmana in the three classes, Yudhishthira, and those of two classes to a kshatriya, Bharata,

हिन्दी अर्थ

यमिच्छेयु: स राजा स्याद् ये नेष्ट: स पराभवेत्

English

one of two classes, and here indicated: they are the six born of degradation; hear also the lower-born.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सत्यं ब्रवीमि ते राजन् विनश्येयुर्न संशय:

English

A Chandala, a Vratya, and a Vena born of a brahmin woman, kshatriya woman, and vaishya woman to a shudra: these three are seen as lower-born.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सोपि गच्छेत तामेव गतिं भरतसत्तम

English

"My mother continued, 'Bhava assumes the forms of Brahma and Vishnu and the chief of the celestials of the Rudras, the Adityas, and the Aswins; and of those deities that are called Viswadevas. He assumes the forms also of men and women, of Pretas and Pisachas, of Kiratas and Savaras, and of all aquatic animals. That illustrious deity assumes the forms of also those Savaras that dwell in the woods and forests. He assumes the forms of tortoises and fishes and conches. He it is that

हिन्दी अर्थ

पूतात्मा वै भवेत् लोके शृणुयाद् यश्च नित्यश:

English

assumes the forms of those coral sprouts that are used as ornaments by men. He assumes also the forms of Yakshas, Rakshasas and Snakes, of Daityas and Danavas. Indeed, the illustrious god assumes the forms of all creatures too that live in holes. He assumes the forms of tigers and lions and deer, of wolves and bears and birds, of owls and of jackals as well. He it is that assumes the forms of swans and crows and peacocks, of chameleons and lizards and storks. He it is that assumes the forms of cranes and vultures and Chakravakas. Verily, he it is that assumes the forms of Chasas and of mountains also. O son, it is Mahadeva that assumes the forms of kine and elephants and horses and camels and asses. He assumes also the forms of goats and leopards and diverse other varieties of animals. It is Bhava who assumes the forms of diverse kinds of birds of beautiful plumage. It is Mahadeva who bears the forms of persons with sticks and those with umbrellas and those with calabashes among Brahmanas. 1 He sometimes becomes six-faced and sometimes becomes multifaced. He sometimes assumes forms having three eyes and forms having many heads. And he sometimes assumes forms having many millions of legs and forms having innumerable stomachs and faces and forms endued with innumerable arms and innumerable sides. He sometimes appears surrounded by innumerable spirits and ghosts. He it is that assumes the forms of Rishis and Gandharvas, and of Siddhas and Charanas. He sometimes assumes a form that is rendered white with the ashes he smears on it and is adorned with a half-moon on the forehead. Adored with diverse hymns uttered with diverse kinds of voice and worshipped with diverse Mantras fraught with encomiums, he, that is sometimes called Sarva, is the Destroyer of all creatures in the universe, and it is upon him, again, that all creatures rest as on their common foundation. Mahadeva is the soul of all creatures. He pervades all things. He is the speaker of all discourses (on duties and rituals). He resides everywhere and should be known as dwelling in the hearts of all creatures in the universe. He knows the desire cherished by every one of his worshippers. He becomes acquainted with the object in which one pays him adorations. Do thou then, if it pleases thee, seek the protection of the chief of the deities. He sometimes rejoices, and sometimes yields to wrath, and sometimes utters the syllable Hum with a very loud noise. He sometimes arms himself with the discus, sometimes with the trident, sometimes with the mace, sometimes with the heavy mullets, sometimes with the scimitar, and sometimes with the battle axe. He it is that assumes the form of Sesha who sustains the world on his head. He has snakes for his belt, and his ears are adorned with ear-rings made of snakes. Snakes form also the sacred thread he wears. An elephant skin

हिन्दी अर्थ

ब्राह्मणानामनुष्ठानमत्यन्तं सुखमिच्छता

English

[Yudhishthira said:] Some say the field-born son, some the seed-born; to whom do these two sons belong? Tell me, grandfather.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सुखकी इच्छा रखनेवाले नरेशको ऐसा ही करना चाहिए

English

[Bhishma said:] A son may be of the seed, or abandoned, or field-born, or taken-up having broken an agreement; learn this from me.

हिन्दी अर्थ

श्रोत्रियान ब्राह्मणान् वृद्धान् नित्यमेवाभिपूजयेत्

English

[Yudhishthira said:] We know the seed-born son; how is the field-born's origin? And how do we know the taken-up son, having left the agreement?

हिन्दी अर्थ

सान्त्वेन भोगदानेन नमस्कारैस्तथार्चयेत्

English

[Bhishma said:] One who, having begotten a son of himself, abandons him for another cause: the seed is no reason there; he would belong to the field's owner.

हिन्दी अर्थ

यथा5त्मानं यथा पुत्रांस्तथैतान् प्रतिपालयेत्

English

A man wishing a son, for a son's sake, chooses a woman, lord of men; there the field is the standard, and the son is not self-born.

हिन्दी अर्थ

भी करे। यही राजाका प्रधान कर्तव्य है; जिसपर उसे सदा ही दृष्टि रखनी चाहिए

English

Elsewhere a field-born son is seen, bull of the Bharatas; the self cannot be killed, for he has attained the example.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तेषु शान्तेषु तद् राष्ट्र सर्वमेव विराजते

English

Some made son is seen by adoption; neither seed nor field is the standard there, Yudhishthira.

हिन्दी अर्थ

तेष्वेव यात्रा लोकानां भूतानामिव वासवे

English

[Yudhishthira said:] What kind of made son is seen by adoption, where neither seed, field nor standard is observed, Bharata?

हिन्दी अर्थ

उनका सर्वनाश कर डालते हैं

English

[Bhishma said:] One who is seen on the road abandoned by mother and father, whose mother and father are not known, he is the made son.

हिन्दी अर्थ

कुपिता: समुदीक्षन्ते दावेष्वग्निशिखा इव

English

In whom one sees lordship over one without a lord, he of his own class should support him, and he is born of his own class.

हिन्दी अर्थ

सन्ति चैषामतिशठास्तथैवान्ये तपस्विन:

English

[Yudhishthira said:] How should his rite be applied, and to whom? How should a maiden be given? Tell me that, grandfather.

हिन्दी अर्थ

ब्राह्मणोंमें कुछ तो अत्यन्त शठ होते हैं और दूसरे महान् तपस्वी

English

[Bhishma said:] One should do his rite as for oneself, and as a master.

हिन्दी अर्थ

चौराश्नान्येडनृताश्चान्ये तथान्ये नटनर्तका:

English

One abandoned by mother and father who takes to his own class, unfallen one, one should perform his rite by his gotra and class.

हिन्दी अर्थ

नाचनेका कार्य करते हैं

English

Then a maiden is to be given by his class, Yudhishthira; and to perform the rite, by the mother's gotra, in the determination of mother's class.

हिन्दी अर्थ

विविधाकारययुक्ताश्न ब्राह्मणा भरतर्षभ

English

The Kanina and Adhyudha-born are to be known as sons of fault; they are both to be given rites as if their own sons: so it is settled.

हिन्दी अर्थ

करनेमें समर्थ होते हैं और अनेक ब्राह्मण नाना प्रकारके आकार धारण करते हैं

English

Field-born, lower-born and those taken up should have rites applied by brahmanas and the rest as to themselves.

हिन्दी अर्थ

धर्मज्ञानां सतां तेषां नित्यमेवानुकीर्तयेत्

English

This is seen as the determination of the classes in the law books. All this has been told to you; what more do you wish to hear?