Mahabharata
12
अध्याय 12 / 18

Shanti Parva

शान्तिपर्व

12866 श्लोकभाग 121/172 · श्लोक 268.1–270.34

पूर्ण अध्याय पाठ68 श्लोक

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.1

[य] भरातरः पितरा पुत्रा जञातयः सुहृदस तथा अर्थहेतॊर हताः करूरैर अस्माभिः पापबुद्धिभिः

[ya] bharātaraḥ pitarā putrā jañātayaḥ suhṛdasa tathā arthahetòra hatāḥ karūraira asmābhiḥ pāpabuddhibhiḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

यदा नेच्छति न देष्टि ब्रह्म सम्पद्यते तदा

English

away a ram. Do thou, this very day, accomplish that which is for thy good. Let not this Death come to thee. Death drags its victims before their acts are accomplished. The acts of tomorrow should be done today, those of the afternoon in the forenoon. Death does not wait to see whether the acts of its victim have all been accomplished or not. Who knows that Death will not come to him even today? In prime of age one should betake oneself to the practice of virtue. Life is transitory. If virtue be practised, fame here and felicity hereafter will be the consequences. Overwhelmed by ignorance, one is ready to exert oneself for sons and wives. Achieving virtuous or vicious acts, one brings them up and aggrandises them. Like a tiger bearing away a sleeping deer, Death snatches away the man addicted to the gratification of desire and engaged in the enjoyment of sons and animals. Before he has been able to pluck the flowers upon which he has set his heart, before he has been gratified by the acquisition of the objects of his desire, Death bears him away like a tiger bearing away its prey. Death overpowers a man while the latter is stilt in the midst of the happiness that accrues from the gratification of desire, and while, still thinking, 'This has been done; this is to be done; this has been half-done.' Death bears away the man, however designated according to his

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.2

येयम अर्थॊद्भवा तृष्णा कथम एतां पितामह निवर्तयेम पापं हि तृष्णया कारिता वयम

yeyama arthòdbhavā tṛṣṇā kathama etāṃ pitāmaha nivartayema pāpaṃ hi tṛṣṇayā kāritā vayama

हिन्दी अर्थ

सत्त्वमिच्छसि संतोषाच्छान्तिलक्षणमुत्तमम्

English

[Yudhishthira said:] "This craving that arises from wealth: how, grandsire, shall we turn it back? For by craving we have been made to do sin."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.3

[भी] अत्राप्य उदाहरन्तीमम इतिहासं पुरातनम गीतं विदेहराजेन मान्दव्यायानुपृच्छते

[bhī] atrāpya udāharantīmama itihāsaṃ purātanama gītaṃ videharājena māndavyāyānupṛcchate

हिन्दी अर्थ

करनेवाला है, जैसे गरम जल चावलको गला देता है षड््भिल॑क्षणवानेतै: समग्र: पुनरेष्यति

English

[Bhishma said:] "Here too they cite this ancient tale, sung by the king of Videha as he questioned Mandavya.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.4

सुसुखं बत जीवामि यस्य मे नास्ति किं चन मिथिलायां परदीप्तायां न मे दह्यति किं चन

susukhaṃ bata jīvāmi yasya me nāsti kiṃ cana mithilāyāṃ paradīptāyāṃ na me dahyati kiṃ cana

हिन्दी अर्थ

लक्षणोंसे युक्त मनुष्य पूर्णतः ज्ञानसे तृप्त हो मोक्ष प्राप्त कर लेता है

English

'I live very happily, for I have nothing at all; when Mithila is on fire, nothing of mine is burnt.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.5

अर्थाः खलु समृद्धा हि बाधं दुःखं विजानताम असमृद्धास तव अपि सदा मॊहयन्त्य अविचक्षणान

arthāḥ khalu samṛddhā hi bādhaṃ duḥkhaṃ vijānatāma asamṛddhāsa tava api sadā mòhayantya avicakṣaṇāna

हिन्दी अर्थ

सुकृत नामसे प्रसिद्ध ब्रह्मको प्राप्त हो जाता है, वह अक्षय सुखका भागी होता है यामयं लभते तुष्टिं सा न शक्‍्या55त्मनोडन्यथा

English

Riches, though abundant, are surely sorrow for those who know; and though not abundant, they ever bewilder the unwise.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.6

यच च कामसुखं लॊके यच च दिव्यं महत सुखम तृष्णा कषयसुखस्यैते नार्हतः सॊदशीं कलाम

yaca ca kāmasukhaṃ lòke yaca ca divyaṃ mahata sukhama tṛṣṇā kaṣayasukhasyaite nārhataḥ sòdaśīṃ kalāma

हिन्दी अर्थ

यो ह्यास्ते ब्राह्मण:शिष्ट: स आत्मरतिरुच्यते

English

The pleasure of desire in the world and the great divine pleasure do not equal a sixteenth part of the pleasure of the end of craving.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.7

यथैव शृङ्गं गॊः काले वर्धमानस्य वर्धते तथैव तृष्णा वित्तेन वर्धमानेन वर्धते

yathaiva śṛṅgaṃ gòḥ kāle vardhamānasya vardhate tathaiva tṛṣṇā vittena vardhamānena vardhate

हिन्दी अर्थ

ब्राह्मणं विषयाश्शलिष्टं जरामृत्यू न विन्दत: इन्द्रियाणीन्द्रियार्थाश्न शरीरस्थो5तिवर्तते

English

As the horn of a cow grows when she grows in due time, so craving grows as wealth grows.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.8

किं चिद एव ममत्वेन यदा भवति कल्पितम तद एव परितापाय नाशे संपद्यते पुनः

kiṃ cida eva mamatvena yadā bhavati kalpitama tada eva paritāpāya nāśe saṃpadyate punaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

पुनरावर्तनं नास्ति सम्प्राप्तस्थ परं पदम्

English

When anything is conceived with the sense of mine, all of it becomes torment and, at its loss, arises again.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.9

न कामान अनुरुध्येत दुःखं कामेषु वै रतिः पराप्यार्थम उपयुञ्जीत धर्मे कामं विवर्जयेत

na kāmāna anurudhyeta duḥkhaṃ kāmeṣu vai ratiḥ parāpyārthama upayuñjīta dharme kāmaṃ vivarjayeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

वक्‍त्रा गुणवता शिष्य: श्राव्य: पूर्वमिदं महत् गुणवान् वक्ता पहले इस महत्त्वपूर्ण अध्यात्म-शास्त्रका श्रवण कराये

English

One should not follow desires; delight in desires is sorrow; having got wealth, one should use it, and avoid desire in dharma.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.10

विद्वान सर्वेषु भूतेषु वयाघ्रमांसॊपमॊ भवेत कृतकृत्यॊ विशुद्धात्मा सर्वं तयजति वै सह

vidvāna sarveṣu bhūteṣu vayāghramāṃsòpamò bhaveta kṛtakṛtyò viśuddhātmā sarvaṃ tayajati vai saha

हिन्दी अर्थ

ब्रह्मभावकी प्राप्ति होती है कर्मणा मनसा वाचा ब्रद्म सम्पद्यते तदा

English

profession, attached to his field, his shop, or his home, before he has obtained the fruit of his acts. Death bears away the weak, the strong, the brave, the timid, the idiotic, and the learned, before any of these obtains the fruits of his acts. When death, decrepitude, disease, and sorrow arising from diverse causes, are all residing in thy body, how is it that thou livest as if thou art perfectly hale? As soon as a creature is born, Decrepitude and Death pursue him for (effecting) his destruction. All existent things, mobile and immobile, are affected by these two. The attachment which one feels for dwelling in villages and towns (in the midst of fellowmen) is said to be the very mouth of Death. The forest, on the other hand, is regarded as the fold within which the senses may be penned. This is declared by the Srutis. \ The attachment a person feels for dwelling in a village or town (in the midst of men) is like a cord that binds him effectually. They that are good break that cord and attain to emancipation, while they that are wicked do not succeed in breaking them. He who never injures living creatures by thought, word, or deed, is never injured by such agencies as are destructive of life and property. 2 Nothing can resist the messengers (Disease and Decrepitude) of Death when they advance except Truth which devours Untruth. In Truth is immortality. 3 For these reasons one should practise the vow of Truth; one should devote oneself to a union with Truth; one should accept Truth for one's Veda; and restraining one's senses, one should vanquish the Destroyer by Truth. Both Immortality and Death are planted in the body. One comes to Death through ignorance and loss of judgment; while Immortality is achieved through Truth. I shall, therefore, abstain from injury and seek to achieve Truth, and transgressing the sway of desire and wrath, regard pleasure and pain with an equal eye, and attaining tranquillity, avoid Death like an immortal. Upon the advent of that season when the sun will progress towards the north, I shall restraining my senses, set to the performance of the Santa-sacrifice, the fira/zraa-sacrifice, the Mind- sacrifice, and the Work-sacrifice. 4 How can one like me worship his Maker in animal-sacrifices involving cruelty, or sacrifices of the body, such as Pisachas only can perform and such as produce fruits that are transitory? 5 That person whose words, thoughts,

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.11

उभे सत्यानृते तयक्त्वा शॊकानन्दौ परियाप्रियौ भयाभये च संत्यज्य संप्रशान्तॊ निरामयः

ubhe satyānṛte tayaktvā śòkānandau pariyāpriyau bhayābhaye ca saṃtyajya saṃpraśāntò nirāmayaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

कामबन्धनमुक्तो हि ब्रह्मुभूयाय कल्पते

English

Having given up both truth and untruth, grief and joy, the dear and the undear, and having given up fear and fearlessness, one becomes perfectly calm and free of disease.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.12

या दुस्त्यजा दुर्मतिभिर या न जीर्यति जीर्यतः यॊ ऽसौ पराणान्तिकॊ रॊगस तां तृष्णां तयजतः सुखम

yā dustyajā durmatibhira yā na jīryati jīryataḥ yò 'sau parāṇāntikò rògasa tāṃ tṛṣṇāṃ tayajataḥ sukhama

हिन्दी अर्थ

चन्द्रमाकी भाँति निर्मल होकर धैर्यपूर्वक कालकी प्रतीक्षा करता रहता है स शान्तिमाप्नोति न कामकाम:

English

That craving, hard for the ill-minded to give up, which does not age as one ages, the disease that ends in death: happiness is for one who gives up that craving.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.13

चारित्रम आत्मनः पश्यंश चन्द्र शुद्धम अनामयम धर्मात्मा लभते कीर्तिं परेत्य चेह यथासुखम

cāritrama ātmanaḥ paśyaṃśa candra śuddhama anāmayama dharmātmā labhate kīrtiṃ paretya ceha yathāsukhama

हिन्दी अर्थ

दमस्योपनिषद् दानं दानस्योपनिषत् तपः

English

Seeing the conduct of the self, pure like the moon, free of disease, the righteous-souled gains fame, here and hereafter, happily.'

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 268.14

राज्ञस तद वचनं शरुत्वा परीतिमान अभवद दविजः पूजयित्वा च तद वाक्यं मान्दव्यॊ मॊक्षम आश्रितः

rājñasa tada vacanaṃ śarutvā parītimāna abhavada davijaḥ pūjayitvā ca tada vākyaṃ māndavyò mòkṣama āśritaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

दानका सार है तपस्या सुखस्योपनिषत् स्वर्ग: स्वर्गस्योपनिषच्छम:

English

Hearing the king's words, the brahmana became glad; and honouring those words, Mandavya resorted to liberation."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.1

[य] किं शीलः किं समाचारः किं विद्यः किं परायनः पराप्नॊति बरह्मणः सथानं यत परं परकृतेर धरुवम

[ya] kiṃ śīlaḥ kiṃ samācāraḥ kiṃ vidyaḥ kiṃ parāyanaḥ parāpnòti barahmaṇaḥ sathānaṃ yata paraṃ parakṛtera dharuvama

हिन्दी अर्थ

भावाभावौ च कालबश्च सर्वभूतेषु पडचसु

English

penances, renunciation, and yoga meditation, all rest on Brahma, succeeds in earning the highest good. There is no eye which is equal to (the eye of) Knowledge. There is no penance like (that involved in) Truth. There is no sorrow equal to (that involved in) attachment. There is no happiness (that which is obtainable from) renunciation. I have sprung from Brahma through Brahma. I shall devote myself to Brahma, though I am childless. I shall return to Brahma. I do not require a son for rescuing me. A Brahmana can have no wealth like to the state of being alone, the state in consequence of which he is capable of regarding everything with an equal eye, the practice of truthfulness, good behaviour, patience, abstention from injury, simplicity, and avoidance of all rites and visible sacrifices. What use hast thou, O Brahmana, of wealth or kinsmen and relatives, of wives, when thou shalt have to die? Seek thy Self which is concealed in a cave. Where are thy grandsires and where thy sire?' l

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.2

[भी] मॊक्षधर्मेषु निरतॊ लघ्व आहारॊ जितेन्द्रियः पराप्नॊति परमं सथानं यत परं परकृतेर धरुवम

[bhī] mòkṣadharmeṣu niratò laghva āhārò jitendriyaḥ parāpnòti paramaṃ sathānaṃ yata paraṃ parakṛtera dharuvama

हिन्दी अर्थ

कर्मभि: परिपश्यन्ति शास्त्रोक्तै: शास्त्रवेदिन: निकले हुए सूक्ष्म स्वरूप जीवात्माको देखते हैं

English

[Bhishma said:] "Devoted to the dharmas of liberation, light of diet, master of senses, one reaches the highest place, which is beyond nature and firm.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.3

सवगृहाद अभिनिःसृत्य लाभालाभे समॊ मुनिः समुपॊधेषु कामेषु निरपेक्षः परिव्रजेत

savagṛhāda abhiniḥsṛtya lābhālābhe samò muniḥ samupòdheṣu kāmeṣu nirapekṣaḥ parivrajeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

(यह ज्ञानदृष्टिसे ही जाननेमें आ सकता है) सत्त्ववत्सु तथा सत्त्वं प्रतिरूपं स पश्यति

English

Going forth from his house, equal in gain and loss, the sage should wander, without expectation of desires that rise.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.4

न चक्षुषा न मनसा न वाचा दूसयेद अपि न परत्यक्षं परॊक्षं वा दूसनं वयाहरेत कव चित

na cakṣuṣā na manasā na vācā dūsayeda api na paratyakṣaṃ paròkṣaṃ vā dūsanaṃ vayāhareta kava cita

हिन्दी अर्थ

वशे तिष्ठति सत्त्वात्मा सततं योगयोगिनाम्

English

He should not offend by eye, mind or speech; he should never speak a fault, directly or indirectly.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.5

न हिंस्यात सर्वभूतानि मैत्रायण गतिश चरेत नेदं जीवितम आसाद्य वैरं कुर्वीत केन चित

na hiṃsyāta sarvabhūtāni maitrāyaṇa gatiśa careta nedaṃ jīvitama āsādya vairaṃ kurvīta kena cita

हिन्दी अर्थ

सप्तभिस्त्वन्वित: सूक्ष्मैश्नरिष्णुरजरामर: स्वप्लेष्वपि भवत्येष विज्ञाता सुखदु:खयो:

English

He should not harm any beings, and go the way of Maitrayana; having obtained this life, he should not make enmity with anyone.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.6

अतिवादांस तितिक्षेत नाभिमन्येत कथं चन करॊध्यमानः परियं बरूयाद आक्रुष्टः कुशलं वदेत

ativādāṃsa titikṣeta nābhimanyeta kathaṃ cana karòdhyamānaḥ pariyaṃ barūyāda ākruṣṭaḥ kuśalaṃ vadeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

क्रोधलोभौ तु तत्रापि कृत्वा व्यसनमृच्छति

English

He should bear harsh words, and never be proud; angered, he should speak kindly; abused, he should speak well.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.7

परदक्षिणं परसव्यं च गराममध्ये न चाचरेत भैक्ष चर्याम अनापन्नॊ न गच्छेत पूर्वकेतितः

paradakṣiṇaṃ parasavyaṃ ca garāmamadhye na cācareta bhaikṣa caryāma anāpannò na gaccheta pūrvaketitaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

भाँति ही) क्रोध और लोभ करके वह संकटमें पड़ जाता है करोति पुण्यं तत्रापि जीवन्निव च पश्यति

English

He should not go in a circle clockwise or anticlockwise in the middle of the village; unless in need, he should not go for alms to a house previously marked.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.8

अविकीर्णः सुगुप्तश च न वाचा हय अप्रियं वदेत मृदुः सयाद अप्रतिक्रूरॊ विस्रब्धः सयाद अरॊषणः

avikīrṇaḥ suguptaśa ca na vācā haya apriyaṃ vadeta mṛduḥ sayāda apratikrūrò visrabdhaḥ sayāda aròṣaṇaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

दश मासान् वसन् कुक्षौ नैषोऊन्नमिव जीर्यते

English

Unscattered and well guarded, he should not speak unpleasantly; he should be gentle, not cruel in return, trusting, without anger.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.9

विधूमे नयस्तमुसले वयङ्गारे भुक्तवज जने अतीते पात्रसंचारे भिक्षां लिप्सेत वै मुनिः

vidhūme nayastamusale vayaṅgāre bhuktavaja jane atīte pātrasaṃcāre bhikṣāṃ lipseta vai muniḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

तमोरजो भ्यामाविष्टा नानुपश्यन्ति मूर्तिषु अनुच्छवासान्यमूर्तानि यानि वज्रोपमान्यपि

English

Where there is no smoke, the pestle laid down, the embers gone, people having eaten, and the passing of vessels past, the sage should seek alms.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.10

अनुयात्रिकम अर्थस्य मात्रा लाभेष्व अनादृतः अलाभे न विहन्येत लाभश चैनं न हर्षयेत

anuyātrikama arthasya mātrā lābheṣva anādṛtaḥ alābhe na vihanyeta lābhaśa cainaṃ na harṣayeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

तस्य शब्दं गुणं विद्यान्मूर्तिशास्त्रविधानवित् जाननेवाला मनुष्य शब्दको आकाशका गुण जाने

English

"Bhishma continued, 'Do thou also, O monarch, conduct thyself in that way in which the sire (in this story), conducts himself, devoted to the religion of Truth, after having listened to the speech of his son.'

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.11

लाभं साधारणं नेच्छेन न भुञ्जीताभिपूजितः अभिपूजित लाभं हि जुगुप्सेतैव तादृशः

lābhaṃ sādhāraṇaṃ necchena na bhuñjītābhipūjitaḥ abhipūjita lābhaṃ hi jugupsetaiva tādṛśaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

स्पर्शन॑ चेन्द्रियं विद्यात् तथा स्पर्श च तन्‍्मयम्

English

apihitah. The words with ava and api frequently drop the initial a, Hence a-pihitah means not covered.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.12

न चान्न दॊषान निन्देत न गुणान अभिपूजयेत शयासने विविक्ते च नित्यम एवाभिपूजयेत

na cānna dòṣāna nindeta na guṇāna abhipūjayeta śayāsane vivikte ca nityama evābhipūjayeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

भी वायुमय ही समझना चाहिए तस्य रूपं गुणं विद्यात् ताम्रगौरासितात्मकम्

English

deva is here used for implying the senses.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.13

शून्यागरं वृक्षमूलम अरण्यम अथ वा गुहाम अज्ञातचर्यां गत्वान्यां ततॊ ऽनयत्रैव संविशेत

śūnyāgaraṃ vṛkṣamūlama araṇyama atha vā guhāma ajñātacaryāṃ gatvānyāṃ tatò 'nayatraiva saṃviśeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

और ताम्र आदि वर्णवाले रूपको उसका गुण समझना चाहिए

English

Asaryajyam and Asatyadyam are both correct. The sense is the same. The first means 'having untruth for the libation (that it eats up).' The second means 'having untruth for the food (it devours)'.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.14

अनुरॊध विरॊधाभ्यां समः सयाद अचलॊ धरुवः सुकृतं दुष्कृतं चॊभे नानुरुध्येत कर्मणि

anuròdha viròdhābhyāṃ samaḥ sayāda acalò dharuvaḥ sukṛtaṃ duṣkṛtaṃ còbhe nānurudhyeta karmaṇi

हिन्दी अर्थ

असृड्मज्जा च यच्चान्यत् स्निग्धं विद्यात् तदात्मकम् संघात: पार्थिवो धातुरस्थिदन्‍्तनखानि च

English

other words, to restrain all sorts of propensities or inclinations. The Brahma-sacrifice is reflection on truths laid down in the Upanishads. The Word-sacrifice consists in the silent recitation (japa) of the Pranava or Om, the initial mantra. The Mind-sacrifice is contemplation of the Supreme Soul. The Work- sacrifice consists in baths, cleanliness, and waiting upon the preceptor.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.15

वाचॊ वेगं मनसः करॊधवेगं; विवित्सा वेगम उदरॊपस्थ वेगम एतान वेगान विनयेद वै तपस्वी; निन्दा चास्य हृदयं नॊपहन्यात

vācò vegaṃ manasaḥ karòdhavegaṃ; vivitsā vegama udaròpastha vegama etāna vegāna vinayeda vai tapasvī; nindā cāsya hṛdayaṃ nòpahanyāta

हिन्दी अर्थ

इन्द्रियं प्राणसंज्ञातं नासिकेत्यभिसंज्ञिता

English

The ascetic should restrain the force of speech, of the mind, of anger, of contentiousness, of the belly and genitals; blame should not strike his heart.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.16

मध्यस्थ एव तिष्ठेत परशंसा निन्दयॊः समः एतत पवित्रं परमं परिव्राजक आश्रमे

madhyastha eva tiṣṭheta paraśaṃsā nindayòḥ samaḥ etata pavitraṃ paramaṃ parivrājaka āśrame

हिन्दी अर्थ

उत्तरेषु गुणा: सन्ति सर्वसत्त्वेषु चोत्तरा: मनो नवममेषां तु बुद्धिस्तु दशमी स्मृता

English

He should stay neutral, equal toward praise and blame; this is the supreme purifier in the mendicant's stage.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.17

महात्मा सुव्रतॊ दान्तः सर्वत्रैवानपाश्रितः अपूर्व चारकः सौम्यॊ अनिकेतः समाहितः

mahātmā suvratò dāntaḥ sarvatraivānapāśritaḥ apūrva cārakaḥ saumyò aniketaḥ samāhitaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

इनके साथ मनको नवाँ और बुद्धिको दसवाँ तत्त्व माना गया है

English

Great-souled, of good vows, self-controlled, dependent on nothing anywhere, of unprecedented conduct, gentle, homeless, collected,

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.18

वान परस्थगृहस्थाभ्यां न संसृज्येत कर्हि चित अज्ञातलिप्सां लिप्सेत न चैनं हर्ष आविशेत

vāna parasthagṛhasthābhyāṃ na saṃsṛjyeta karhi cita ajñātalipsāṃ lipseta na cainaṃ harṣa āviśeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

पश्यत्यकलुषं कर्म स मोहं नानुवर्तते कर्म करता है, वह कभी मोहमें नहीं पड़ता है

English

he should never mix with forest-dwellers and householders; he should seek unknown alms, and joy should not enter him.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.19

विजानतां मॊक्ष एष शरमः सयाद अविजानताम मॊक्षयानम इदं कृत्स्नं विदुषां हारितॊ ऽबरवीत

vijānatāṃ mòkṣa eṣa śaramaḥ sayāda avijānatāma mòkṣayānama idaṃ kṛtsnaṃ viduṣāṃ hāritò 'baravīta

हिन्दी अर्थ

द्विपज्चाशदधिकद्धिशततमो5ध्याय:

English

For those who know, this is liberation; for those who do not, toil; this whole vehicle of liberation Harita spoke to the learned.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 269.20

अभयं सर्वभूतेभ्यॊ दत्त्वा यः परव्रजेद गृहात लॊकास तेजॊमयास तस्य तथानन्त्याय कल्पते

abhayaṃ sarvabhūtebhyò dattvā yaḥ paravrajeda gṛhāta lòkāsa tejòmayāsa tasya tathānantyāya kalpate

हिन्दी अर्थ

स्तथैव सत्त्वान्यतिमानुषाणि

English

The twice-born who goes forth from the house, having given fearlessness to all beings, has radiant worlds and becomes fit for the endless."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.1

[य] धन्या धन्या इति जनाः सर्वे ऽसमान परवदन्त्य उत न दुःखिततरः कश चित पुमान अस्माभिर अस्ति ह

[ya] dhanyā dhanyā iti janāḥ sarve 'samāna paravadantya uta na duḥkhitataraḥ kaśa cita pumāna asmābhira asti ha

हिन्दी अर्थ

समाधौ योगमेवैतच्छाण्डिल्य: शममब्रवीत्

English

the latter reading be accepted, the meaning will be 'a sacrifice like that of a Kshatriya, i.e., battle.' Hence, all kinds of acts involving cruelty.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.2

लॊकसंभावितैर दुःखं यत पराप्तं कुरुसत्तम पराप्य जातिं मनुष्येषु देवैर अपि पितामह

lòkasaṃbhāvitaira duḥkhaṃ yata parāptaṃ kurusattama parāpya jātiṃ manuṣyeṣu devaira api pitāmaha

हिन्दी अर्थ

पृथग्भूतं मनो बुद्धया मनो भवति केवलम् बुद्धिसे पृथक् होता है, तब केवल मन रह जाता है

English

[Yudhishthira said:] "The sorrow, best of the Kurus, that is met even by gods, when born as a human, honoured by the world, grandsire:

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.3

कदा वयं करिष्यामः संन्यासं दुःखसंज्ञकम दुःखम एतच छरीराणां धारणं कुरुसत्तम

kadā vayaṃ kariṣyāmaḥ saṃnyāsaṃ duḥkhasaṃjñakama duḥkhama etaca charīrāṇāṃ dhāraṇaṃ kurusattama

हिन्दी अर्थ

परंतु परिवर्तनशील होनेके कारण उसे तत्त्वज्ञ पुरुष नित्य नहीं बताते हैं

English

when shall we make renunciation, called sorrow? This bearing of bodies is sorrow, best of the Kurus.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.4

विमुक्ताः सप्तदशभिर हेतुभूतैश च पञ्चभिः इन्द्रियार्थैर गुणैश चैव अस्ताभिः परपितामह

vimuktāḥ saptadaśabhira hetubhūtaiśa ca pañcabhiḥ indriyārthaira guṇaiśa caiva astābhiḥ parapitāmaha

हिन्दी अर्थ

स शत्रुभिर्हत: संख्ये सबल: सपदानुग:

English

Freed from the seventeen and the five causes, from the objects of the senses and the eight qualities, great-grandsire,

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.5

न गच्छन्ति पुनर्भावं मुनयः संशितव्रताः कदा वयं भविष्यामॊ राज्यं हित्वा परंतप

na gacchanti punarbhāvaṃ munayaḥ saṃśitavratāḥ kadā vayaṃ bhaviṣyāmò rājyaṃ hitvā paraṃtapa

हिन्दी अर्थ

नारदका उन्हें दर्शन हुआ शन्रुभिग्रहणं संख्ये पुत्रस्य मरणं तथा

English

the sages of strict vows do not go to rebirth; when shall we be so, giving up the kingdom, scourge of foes?"

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.6

[भी] नास्त्य अनन्तं महाराज सर्वं संख्यान गॊचरम पुनर्भावॊ ऽपि संख्यातॊ नास्ति किं चिद इहाचलम

[bhī] nāstya anantaṃ mahārāja sarvaṃ saṃkhyāna gòcarama punarbhāvò 'pi saṃkhyātò nāsti kiṃ cida ihācalama

हिन्दी अर्थ

समाचार यथावत् रूपसे नारदजीके सामने कह सुनाया

English

[Bhishma said:] "There is nothing endless, great king, all comes within reckoning; even rebirth is reckoned; nothing here is unmoving.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.7

न चापि गम्यते राजन नैष दॊषः परसङ्गतः उद्यॊगाद एव धर्मज्ञ कालेनैव गमिष्यथ

na cāpi gamyate rājana naiṣa dòṣaḥ parasaṅgataḥ udyògāda eva dharmajña kālenaiva gamiṣyatha

हिन्दी अर्थ

आख्यानमिदमाचष्ट पुत्रशोकापहं तदा इतिहास कहना आरम्भ किया, जो उनके पुत्रशोकको मिटानेवाला था

English

And one does not go, king; this fault is incidental; by effort alone, knower of dharma, you will go in time.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.8

ईशॊ ऽयं सततं देही नृपते पुण्यपापयॊः तत एव समुत्थेन तमसा रुध्यते ऽपि च

īśò 'yaṃ satataṃ dehī nṛpate puṇyapāpayòḥ tata eva samutthena tamasā rudhyate 'pi ca

हिन्दी अर्थ

यथावृत्तं श्रुतं चैव मयेदं वसुधाधिप

English

This embodied one is ever lord of merit and demerit, king; yet from them he is covered by the darkness that arises.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.9

यथाञ्जन मयॊ वायुः पुनर मानः शिलं रजः अनुप्रविश्य तद्वर्णॊ दृश्यते रञ्जयन दिशः

yathāñjana mayò vāyuḥ punara mānaḥ śilaṃ rajaḥ anupraviśya tadvarṇò dṛśyate rañjayana diśaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

इसे जैसा सुना है, वह यथावत् वृत्तान्त तुम्हें सुना रहा हूँ अतीव वृद्धा बहुला नामृष्यत पुन: प्रजा:

English

As a dusty wind, entering the crystal, is seen in its colour tinting the directions,

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.10

तथा कर्मफलैर देही रञ्जितस तमसावृतः विवर्णॊ वर्मम आश्रित्य देहेषु परिवर्तते

tathā karmaphalaira dehī rañjitasa tamasāvṛtaḥ vivarṇò varmama āśritya deheṣu parivartate

हिन्दी अर्थ

ब्राह्मणमें) कहा है प्रधानविनियोगज्ञ: परं ब्रह्मानुपश्यति

English

so the embodied one, tinted by the fruits of action and covered with darkness, colourless, turns in bodies relying on armour.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.11

जञानेन हि यदा जन्तुर अज्ञानप्रभवं तमः वयपॊहति तदा बरह्म परकाशेत सनातनम

jañānena hi yadā jantura ajñānaprabhavaṃ tamaḥ vayapòhati tadā barahma parakāśeta sanātanama

हिन्दी अर्थ

त्रिपज्चाशदधिकद्धिशततमो ध्याय:

English

When a creature drives away by knowledge the darkness born of ignorance, then eternal Brahman would shine.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.12

अयत्न साध्यं मुनयॊ वदन्ति; ये चापि मुक्तास त उपासितव्याः तवया च लॊकेन च सामरेण; तस्मान न शाम्यन्ति महर्षिसंघाः

ayatna sādhyaṃ munayò vadanti; ye cāpi muktāsa ta upāsitavyāḥ tavayā ca lòkena ca sāmareṇa; tasmāna na śāmyanti maharṣisaṃghāḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

क्रोधमानमहास्कन्धो विधित्सापरिषेचन: मोहनीभि: पिपासाभिली॑ताभिरनुवेष्टित:

English

The sages say it is accomplished without effort; and those freed are to be served by you and the world with the gods; therefore the hosts of great sages are not at peace.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.13

अस्मिन्न अर्थे पुरा गीतं शृणुष्वैक मना नृप यथा दैत्येन वृत्रेण भरष्टैश्वर्येण चेष्टितम

asminna arthe purā gītaṃ śṛṇuṣvaika manā nṛpa yathā daityena vṛtreṇa bharaṣṭaiśvaryeṇa ceṣṭitama

हिन्दी अर्थ

आयसै: संयुता: पाशै: फलदं परिवेष्ट्य तम्

English

On this matter, long ago, hear what was sung, king, one-pointed, of how the Daitya Vritra acted when he had fallen from lordship.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.14

निर्जितेनासहायेन हृतराज्येन भारत अशॊचता शत्रुमध्ये बुद्धिम आस्थाय केवलाम

nirjitenāsahāyena hṛtarājyena bhārata aśòcatā śatrumadhye buddhima āsthāya kevalāma

हिन्दी अर्थ

गत: स दुःखयोरन्तं जरामरणयोर्द्धयो: डालता है, वह मनुष्य जरा और मृत्युजनित दोनों प्रकारके दुःखोंसे पार हो जाता है

English

Conquered, helpless, his kingdom taken, Bharata, not grieving among his enemies, relying on wisdom alone,

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.15

भरष्टैश्वर्यं पुरा वृत्रम उशना वाक्यम अब्रवीत कच चित पराजितस्याद्य न वयथा ते ऽसति दानव

bharaṣṭaiśvaryaṃ purā vṛtrama uśanā vākyama abravīta kaca cita parājitasyādya na vayathā te 'sati dānava

हिन्दी अर्थ

स तमेव ततो हन्ति विषग्रन्थिरिवातुरम्

English

to Vritra fallen from lordship Ushanas formerly said: "Danava, have you no pain today, conquered?"

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.16

[वृत्र] सत्येन तपसा चैव विदित्वा संक्षयं हय अहम न शॊचामि न हृष्यामि भूतानाम आगतिं गतिम

[vṛtra] satyena tapasā caiva viditvā saṃkṣayaṃ haya ahama na śòcāmi na hṛṣyāmi bhūtānāma āgatiṃ gatima

हिन्दी अर्थ

बन्धं वै कामशास्त्रस्य स दुःखान्यतिवर्तते तत्त्वबुद्धेः शरीरस्थं मनो नामार्थचिन्तकम्

English

[Vritra said:] "By truth and austerity, knowing the destruction, I neither grieve nor rejoice at the coming and going of beings.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.17

कालसंचॊदिता जीवा मज्जन्ति नरके ऽवशाः परिदृष्टानि सर्वाणि दिव्यान्य आहुर मनीषिणः

kālasaṃcòditā jīvā majjanti narake 'vaśāḥ paridṛṣṭāni sarvāṇi divyānya āhura manīṣiṇaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

तदर्थमुपजीवन्ति पौरा: सह पुरेश्वरै:

English

Beings urged by Time sink helpless in hell; the wise say all this has been seen to be divine.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.18

कषपयित्वा तु तं कालं गणितं कालचॊदिताः सावशेषेण कालेन संभवन्ति पुनः पुनः

kaṣapayitvā tu taṃ kālaṃ gaṇitaṃ kālacòditāḥ sāvaśeṣeṇa kālena saṃbhavanti punaḥ punaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

तत्र बुद्धिहहिं दुर्धर्षा मन: सामान्यमश्लुते हैं। वहाँ बुद्धि दुर्धर्ष होनेपर भी मनके साथ रहनेसे उसीके समान हो जाती है

English

Having spent the reckoned time urged by Time, with remaining time they are born again and again.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.19

तिर्यग्यॊनिसहस्राणि गत्वा नरकम एव च निर्गच्छन्त्य अवशा जीवाः कालबन्धन बन्धनाः

tiryagyònisahasrāṇi gatvā narakama eva ca nirgacchantya avaśā jīvāḥ kālabandhana bandhanāḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

तदर्थ बुद्धिरध्यास्ते सोडनर्थ: परिषीदति

English

Having gone through thousands of animal wombs and even hell, helpless beings emerge, bound with the bonds of Time.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.20

एवं संसरमाणानि जीवान्य अहम अदृष्टवान यथा कर्म तथा लाभ इति शास्त्रनिदर्शनम

evaṃ saṃsaramāṇāni jīvānya ahama adṛṣṭavāna yathā karma tathā lābha iti śāstranidarśanama

हिन्दी अर्थ

त॑ं चादाय जन॑ पौरं रजसे सम्प्रयच्छति

English

I have seen creatures so wandering; as the deed, so the gain: so the shastra shows.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.21

तिर्यग गच्छन्ति नरकं मानुष्यं दैवम एव च सुखदुःखे परियद्वेष्ये चरित्वा पूर्वम एव च

tiryaga gacchanti narakaṃ mānuṣyaṃ daivama eva ca sukhaduḥkhe pariyadveṣye caritvā pūrvama eva ca

हिन्दी अर्थ

द्वैधायनमुखाद् भ्रष्ट श्लाघया परयानघ ततो5हमपि वक्ष्यामि भूय: पुत्र निदर्शनम्

English

Animal, hell, human and divine, having first practised pleasure, pain, the dear and the hated, all the world goes, joined with the ordinance of the end; and all beings go always the road gone.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.22

कृतान्तविधिसंयुक्तं सर्वलॊकः परपद्यते गतं गच्छन्ति चाध्वानं सर्वभूतानि सर्वदा

kṛtāntavidhisaṃyuktaṃ sarvalòkaḥ parapadyate gataṃ gacchanti cādhvānaṃ sarvabhūtāni sarvadā

हिन्दी अर्थ

गन्धो गुरुत्वं शक्तिश्व संघात: स्थापना धृति:

English

The whole world goes joined with the ordinance of the end, and all beings go always on the road already travelled.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.23

[भी] कालसंख्यान संख्यातं सृष्टि सथिति परायनम तं भासमानं भगवान उशनाः परत्यभासत भीमान दुष्टप्रलापांस तवं तात कस्मात परभाससे

[bhī] kālasaṃkhyāna saṃkhyātaṃ sṛṣṭi sathiti parāyanama taṃ bhāsamānaṃ bhagavāna uśanāḥ paratyabhāsata bhīmāna duṣṭapralāpāṃsa tavaṃ tāta kasmāta parabhāsase

हिन्दी अर्थ

विशालता, शक्ति, संघात, स्थापना और धारणशक्ति--ये दस पृथ्वीके गुण हैं जिह्नदा विस्यन्दनं चापि भौमानां श्रप्णं तथा

English

[Bhishma said:] To him speaking, reckoned by the count of Time, whose resort is creation and maintenance, the blessed Ushanas answered: 'Dear, why do you speak these dreadful, wicked words?'

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.24

[वृत्र] परत्यक्षम एतद भवतस तथान्येषां मनीसिनाम मया यज जय लुब्धेन पुरा तप्तं महत तपः

[vṛtra] paratyakṣama etada bhavatasa tathānyeṣāṃ manīsināma mayā yaja jaya lubdhena purā taptaṃ mahata tapaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

चावल-दाल आदिको गला देना--ये सब जलके गुण हैं

English

[Vritra said:] 'This is plain to you and other wise ones: the great austerity I performed long ago, greedy for victory.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.25

गन्धान आदाय भूतानां रसांश च विविधान अपि अवर्धं तरीन समाक्रम्य लॊकान वै सवेन तेजसा

gandhāna ādāya bhūtānāṃ rasāṃśa ca vividhāna api avardhaṃ tarīna samākramya lòkāna vai savena tejasā

हिन्दी अर्थ

शोको रागो लघुस्तैक्ष्णयं सततं चोर्ध्वभासिता बलं शैघ्र्यं च मोक्ष च कर्म चेष्टा55त्मता भव:

English

Taking the scents and various juices of beings, I grew, striding over the three worlds by my own splendour.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.26

जवालामाला परिक्षिप्तॊ वैहायसचरस तथा अजेयः सर्वभूतानाम आसं नित्यम अपेतभीः

javālāmālā parikṣiptò vaihāyasacarasa tathā ajeyaḥ sarvabhūtānāma āsaṃ nityama apetabhīḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

शक्ति, प्राण और जन्म-मृत्यु--ये सब वायुके गुण हैं

English

Surrounded by garlands of flame, moving in the sky, I was unconquerable by all beings and ever fearless.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.27

ऐश्वर्यं तपसा पराप्तं भरष्टं तच च सवकर्मभिः धृतिम आस्थाय भगवन न शॊचामि ततस तव अहम

aiśvaryaṃ tapasā parāptaṃ bharaṣṭaṃ taca ca savakarmabhiḥ dhṛtima āsthāya bhagavana na śòcāmi tatasa tava ahama

हिन्दी अर्थ

और चंचलता--ये मनके नौ गुण हैं संशय: प्रतिपत्तिश्न बुद्धे! पजचगुणान् विदु:

English

The lordship gained by austerity is lost by my own deeds; taking steadiness, blessed one, I therefore do not grieve.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.28

युयुत्सता महेन्द्रेण पुरा सार्धं महात्मना ततॊ मे भगवान दृष्टॊ हरिर नारायणः परभुः

yuyutsatā mahendreṇa purā sārdhaṃ mahātmanā tatò me bhagavāna dṛṣṭò harira nārāyaṇaḥ parabhuḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

एतन्मे सर्वमाचक्ष्व सूक्ष्मज्ञानं पितामह

English

When I wished to fight long ago with the great-souled Mahendra, I saw the blessed Hari Narayana, the lord.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.29

वैकुण्ठः पुरुषॊ विष्णुः शुक्लॊ ऽनन्तः सनातनः मुञ्जकेशॊ हरिश्मश्रुः सर्वभूतपितामहः

vaikuṇṭhaḥ puruṣò viṣṇuḥ śuklò 'nantaḥ sanātanaḥ muñjakeśò hariśmaśruḥ sarvabhūtapitāmahaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

भूतोंके गुण कैसे हो सकती हैं? यह सारा सूक्ष्म ज्ञान आप मुझे बताइये पुत्र न नित्यं तदिह वदन्ति

English

Vaikuntha, Purusha, Vishnu, white, endless, eternal, with munja-grass hair and green beard, grandfather of all beings.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.30

नूनं तु तस्य तपसः सावशेषं ममास्ति वै यद अहं परस्तुम इच्छामि भवन्तं कर्मणः फलम

nūnaṃ tu tasya tapasaḥ sāvaśeṣaṃ mamāsti vai yada ahaṃ parastuma icchāmi bhavantaṃ karmaṇaḥ phalama

हिन्दी अर्थ

भूतप्रभावाद् भव शान्तबुद्धि: यथार्थ तत्त्व सुनकर उन्हीं परमेश्वरके प्रभाव एवं प्रसादसे शान्तबुद्धि हो जाओ

English

Surely a remainder of that austerity is still mine, since I wish to ask you, blessed one, the fruit of action.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.31

ऐश्वर्यं वै महद बरह्मन कस्मिन वर्णे परतिष्ठितम निवर्तते चापि पुनः कथम ऐश्वर्यम उत्तमम

aiśvaryaṃ vai mahada barahmana kasmina varṇe paratiṣṭhitama nivartate cāpi punaḥ kathama aiśvaryama uttamama

हिन्दी अर्थ

पृतनामध्य एते हि गतसंज्ञा महाबला:

English

In what class is great lordship founded, brahmana, and how does the highest lordship turn back?

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.32

कस्माद भूतानि जीवन्ति परवर्तन्ते ऽथ वा पुनः किं वा फलं परं पराप्य जीवस तिष्ठति शाश्वतः

kasmāda bhūtāni jīvanti paravartante 'tha vā punaḥ kiṃ vā phalaṃ paraṃ parāpya jīvasa tiṣṭhati śāśvataḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

एते हि निहता: संख्ये तुल्यतेजोबलैनरै: मृता इति च शब्दोयं वर्तत्येषु गतासुषु

English

By what do beings live or proceed again, or having attained what supreme fruit does the soul stay eternal?

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.33

केन वा कर्मणा शक्यम अथ जञानेन केन वा बरह्मर्षे तत फलं पराप्तुं तन मे वयाख्यातुम अर्हसि

kena vā karmaṇā śakyama atha jañānena kena vā barahmarṣe tata phalaṃ parāptuṃ tana me vayākhyātuma arhasi

हिन्दी अर्थ

हरत्यमरसंकाश तनमे ब्रूहि पितामह

English

By what action, or by what knowledge, brahmana sage, can that fruit be gained? You should explain that to me.'

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 270.34

इतीदम उक्तः स मुनिस तदानीं; परत्याह यत तच छृणु राजसिंह मयॊच्यमानं पुरुषर्षभ तवम; अनन्यचित्तः सह सॊदरीयैः

itīdama uktaḥ sa munisa tadānīṃ; paratyāha yata taca chṛṇu rājasiṃha mayòcyamānaṃ puruṣarṣabha tavama; ananyacittaḥ saha sòdarīyaiḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

स शत्रुवशमापन्न: संग्रामे क्षीणवाहन: एक समय संग्राममें उनका रथ नष्ट हो गया और वे शत्रुके वशमें पड़ गये

English

Thus addressed, the sage then replied: 'Hear what I say, lion among kings, bull among men, with undivided mind together with your brothers.'"

स्रोत: bhavykhatri/DharmicData · प्राप्त 1/6/2026

शास्त्रीय प्रामाणिकता एवं पारदर्शकताSources & Interpretation

स्रोत, संस्करण एवं व्याख्या वर्गीकरण

धर्म ग्रंथ पर मूल शास्त्र, पारंपरिक भाष्य और आधुनिक व्याख्या को पूर्णतः पृथक रखा जाता है ताकि पाठक को किसी भी व्याख्या के शास्त्र होने का भ्रम न हो।

सामग्री वर्गीकरण संकेत (Epistemic Content Labels)

6 स्तरिय प्रमाण व्यवस्था
मूल पाठOriginal text

अपौरुषेय / प्रामाणिक शास्त्र (Primary Canonical Scripture)

मूल संस्कृत, प्राकृत अथवा अवधी श्लोक/मंत्र। यह सर्वोच्च प्रमाण (प्रस्थान) है। इस पाठ में किसी भी आधुनिक व्याख्याकार का हस्तक्षेप नहीं है।

शाब्दिक अनुवादLiteral translation

पदार्थ व अन्वय (Direct Grammatical & Word-for-Word Meaning)

व्याकरणसम्मत प्रत्यक्ष शब्दार्थ (अन्वय)। बिना किसी दार्शनिक संप्रदाय के पूर्वाग्रह के, संस्कृत शब्दों का सटीक भाषांतर।

पारंपरिक भाष्यTraditional commentary

आचार्य परंपरा व टीका (Classical Lineage Commentary)

प्राचीन आचार्य परंपरा (यथा शंकराचार्य, रामानुजाचार्य, मध्वाचार्य, श्रीधर स्वामी) द्वारा विरचित शास्त्रीय भाष्य व टीकाएं।

सरल व्याख्याSimple explanation

भावार्थ व सुबोध प्रबोधन (Accessible Pedagogical Exposition)

आधुनिक जिज्ञासुओं के लिए सरल भाषा में भावार्थ। यह मूल मंत्र नहीं, बल्कि पाठ को सुगम बनाने हेतु संपादकीय व्याख्या है।

आधुनिक चिंतनModern reflection

समसामयिक विमर्श व अनुप्रयोग (Contemporary Application & Analysis)

दार्शनिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक व वैज्ञानिक समरूपताओं पर आधुनिक चिंतन। यह मूल शास्त्र का अंग नहीं है और इसे शास्त्रोक्त सिद्धांत के रूप में नहीं देखा जाना चाहिए।

शोध टिप्पणीResearch note

पांडुलिपि एवं ऐतिहासिक शोध (Critical Apparatus & Manuscript Research)

पांडुलिपि विविधताएं, पाठ-भेद (variant readings), छंद रचना, और ऐतिहासिक व तुलनात्मक भाषावैज्ञानिक शोध। यह शास्त्र का मूल संदेश बदलने हेतु नहीं, बल्कि पाठ की प्रामाणिकता परखने के लिए है।